CHLOEPEDIA-- Label,penelusuran,tag,hasil,result,hasil
penelusuran.hasil result : AMELANISTIC-AMELANISTIK-AMELANISM-AMEL (part 2)
.........................................................
AMELANISTIC-AMELANISTIK-AMELANISM-AMEL
............................................................
Label,penelusuran,tag,hasil,result,hasil penelusuran.hasil
result,search,result.search result :
A,amel,amelanistic,amelanistik,amelanism ,tugumuda reptiles
community,kse,komunitas satwa eksotik,sahabat si komo,chloe ardella raisya
putri kamarsyah,prianka putri,aldhika budi pradana
............................................................
Label,penelusuran,tag,hasil,result,hasil penelusuran.hasil
result ,search,result.search result :
A,amel,amelanistic,amelanistik,amelanism,biodiversity,keanekaragaman
hayati,flora ,fauna, konservasi,habitat,komunitas,reptil,satwa.t-rec,tugumuda reptiles
community,kse,komunitas satwa eksotik,sahabat si komo,on line,chloe ardella
raisya putri kamarsyah,priankaputri,aldhika budi pradana
................................................................
Hanya
berusaha merangkum segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan
amelanistic,amelanistik,amel,amelanism dari sumber sumber yang ada di pencarian
google search , semoga dapat membantu dan bermanfaat
Just trying to summarize everything connected with amelanistic,amelanistik,amel,amelanism from existing sources in the google search engine, may be helpful and useful
.................................................................
BERMANFAAT UNTUK ANDA
?????....BANTU KAMI DENGAN BER DONASI UNTUK KELANGSUNGAN CHLOEPEDIA ATAU MENJADI VOLUNTEER UNTUK
KAMI...(+62)85866178866 ( whatsapp only
)
Link chloepedia :
Herpetofauna 1
herpetofauna 2
herpetologi 1
herpetologi 2
herpetologi 3
herpetologi 4
herpetologi 5
herpetologi 6
amelanistic-amelanistik-amel-amelanism-1
amelanistic-amelanistik-amel-amelanism-2
result :
These
are amelanistic corn snakes bred toward the ideal of red or orange saddle marks
on a white background. adalah ular jagung amelanistic/amelanistik/amel
dengan tanda saddle merah atau oranye
pada latar belakang putih.
Reverse Okeetee (selectively
bred amelanistic) an amelanistic Okeetee corn snake which has the normal black
rings around the saddle marks replaced with wide white rings. (Selektif breed amelanistic/amelanistik/amel) adalah ular jagung Okeetee amelanistic/amekanistik/amel yang memiliki cincin hitam normal
Fluorescent orange (selectively
bred amelanistic) .
Sunglow (selectively
bred amelanistic) another designer amelanistic corn that lacks the usual white
speckling that often appears in most albinos, and selected for exceptionally bright
ground color. (Selektif breed amelanistic/amelanistik/amel)
desainer lain dari ular jagung
amelanistic yang tidak memiliki speckling putih yang biasa sering muncul di sebagian albino, dan selected
untuk warna dasar yang sangat cerah.
Ultra Ultra is a hypomelanistic-like gene that is an allele to the
amelanistic gene.
Ultramel is an intermediate appearance between ultra and
amel which is the result of being heterozygous for ultra and amel at the albino locus.
......................
whereas amel was the lack of only melanin. Is this
correct? sedangkan amel kurangnya hanya melanin. Apakah ini benar?
Amelanistic means lack
of melanin which is a black pigment. For instance, an amelanistic gopher is not
going to be white. Amelanistic/amelanistik/amel
berarti kurangnya melanin yang merupakan pigmen hitam. Sebagai contoh, sebuah
gopher amelanistic tidak akan menjadi putih.
amels almost always
have normal colored eyes. Amels/amelanstic/amelanistik
hampir selalu memiliki mata berwarna normal
Amelanism, in Cal Kings, can be caused by mutation at one of at least two different points in their chromosomes. Amelanism, di Cal Kings, dapat disebabkan oleh mutasi pada salah satu dari setidaknya dua titik yang berbeda dalam kromosom mereka.
, amelanism specifically means there is no melanin in the critter. amelanism secara khusus berarti tidak ada melanin dalam makhluk tersebut.
amelanistic animals will have the pink eyes because of the blood vessels. , Hewan amelanistic/amelanistik/amel akan memiliki mata merah muda karena pembuluh darah.
, including
equating albinism with amelanism termasuk menyamakan albinisme
dengan amelanism
........................
Amelanism (also known as amelanosis) is a pigmentation
abnormality characterized by the lack of pigments calledmelanins, commonly associated with a genetic loss of tyrosinase function. Amelanism can affect fish, amphibians, reptiles,birds, and mammals including humans. Amelanism (juga dikenal sebagai amelanosis) adalah kelainan
pigmentasi yang ditandai dengan kurangnya pigmen melanins, umumnya terkait
dengan hilangnya fungsi genetik tirosinase. Amelanism dapat
mempengaruhi ikan, amfibi, reptil, burung, dan mamalia termasuk manusia.
Amelanistic
mammals have white hair, pink skin, and eyes that have a pink, red, or violet
appearance. mamalia Amelanistic/amel/amelanistik memiliki rambut putih, kulit merah muda, dan
mata merah muda, merah, atau penampilan violet.
Amelanism
in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds has the same genetic etiology as in mammals: loss of tyrosinase function.
Amelanism di ikan, amfibi, reptil dan burung memiliki etiologi genetik yang sama seperti pada mamalia:
Amelanism di ikan, amfibi, reptil dan burung memiliki etiologi genetik yang sama seperti pada mamalia:
other
amelanistic vertebrates are seldom white and red-eyed like amelanistic mammals. vertebrata amelanistic lainnya jarang bermata putih dan merah
seperti mamalia amelanistic.
.............................
Amel is lack of Blacks & Browns only. Amel/amelanistic/amelanistik adalah kurangnya warna hitan dan coklat
I was looking at an amel corn pic and jsut thought that with red eyes, not melanin etc. was there much difference. Saya melihat sebuah foto ular jagung amel dan berpikir bahwa dengan mata merah, tidak ada melanin dll ada banyak perbedaan.
Blizzard red rat snake are a combo morph of Amel + Charcoal. Ular tikus Blizzard merah adalah morph combo dari Amel/amelanistic/amelanistik + charcoal.
Albino mammals are amelanistic.
Amelanistic reptiles are quite reasonably called "albino".
Amelanistic reptiles are quite reasonably called "albino".
mamalia albino adalah amelanistic/amel/amelanistik.
reptil Amelanistic/amelanistik/amel yang cukup disebut "albino".
formally gave the
name "amelanistic" to the corn snake mutant gene which prevents
melanin from forming. secara resmi
memberi nama "amelanistic/amel/amelanistik" pada gen mutan ular jagung yang mencegah melanin dari pembentukan.
The corn snake's
amelanistic mutant gene is unable to produce functional tyrosinase enzyme. gen mutan
amelanistic/amel/amelanistik ular jagung tidak mampu menghasilkan fungsional enzim
tirosinase .
It is considerably
wider than the definition for "amelanistic". Hal ini
jauh lebih luas daripada definisi untuk
"amelanistic/amel/amelanistik".
, they have red eyes and are
lacking melanin, mereka memiliki mata merah dan
kurang melanin
Of course, not all
morphs are recessive to other *mutant* genes on the same allele. Amelanistic
and Ultra share the same gene pair, and they're codominant to each other. Tentu saja, tidak semua morphs yang resesif untuk * mutan gen *
lain pada alel yang sama. Amelanistic/amel/amelanistik dan ultra berbagi
pasangan gen yang sama , dan mereka kodominan satu sama lain
The name Red albino is used for Amel Red rat snakes.
Nama Red albino digunakan untuk ular tikus Amel/amelanistic/amelanistik Red.
Nama Red albino digunakan untuk ular tikus Amel/amelanistic/amelanistik Red.
.........................
The first Amelanistic
Cornsnake was a male, Amelanistic/amel/amelanistik Cornsnake yang pertama
adalah jantan
Amelanism being a simple
recessive gene.
Amelanism menjadi gen resesif sederhana.
Amelanism means a lacking of the pigment melanin, which is the black pigment. An Amelanistic snake has no black on it at all, including the pupils. Amelanism berarti kurang dari adanya pigmen melanin, yang merupakan pigmen hitam. Ular Amelanistic tidak ada hitam sama sekali, termasuk pupil .
Amelanism menjadi gen resesif sederhana.
Amelanism means a lacking of the pigment melanin, which is the black pigment. An Amelanistic snake has no black on it at all, including the pupils. Amelanism berarti kurang dari adanya pigmen melanin, yang merupakan pigmen hitam. Ular Amelanistic tidak ada hitam sama sekali, termasuk pupil .
..........................
Hypomelanistic is reduced black while amelanistic is when the black color is completely missing (the red albino). Hypomelanistic adalah berkurangnya warna hitam sedangkan amelanistic/amel/amelanistik adalah ketika warna hitam benar-benar hilang (albino red).
...........................
amelanistic
– meaning they lack the dark pigment (melanin) in their skin.
Amelanistic/amel/amelanistik - yang berarti mereka tidak
memiliki pigmen gelap (melanin)
........................
Amel is a simple-recessive morph. Amel /amelanistic/amelanistik
adalah morph sederhana-resesif/simple resesif.
.......................
for amel.” Technically, this animal is
actually “heterozygous for normal and amel.” Secara teknis, hewan ini
sebenarnya "heterozigot untuk normal dan amel/amelanistic/amelanistik.
A snake with both mutated copies cannot produce
melanin and will look amelanistic. This snake could be called “Homozygous for
amelanism.” Sular dengan kedua salinannya bermutasi tidak dapat menghasilkan melanin dan
akan terlihat amelanistic. ular ini bisa disebut "homozigot untuk
amelanism."
if it were not homozygous, it wouldn’t lack melanin--so just plain “amelanistic” is all that’s necessary to describe its genes. jika bukan homozigot, itu tidak kekurangan melanin - jadi sekadar "amelanistic/amel/amelanistik " yang adalah semua yang diperlukan untuk menggambarkan gen-nya.
............................
Amelanism (also known asamelanosis) is a
pigmentation abnormality characterized by the lack ofpigments called melanins, commonly associated with a genetic loss of tyrosinasefunction. Amelanism can affect fish,amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsincluding humans. The appearance of an
amelanistic animal depends on the remaining non-melanin pigments. The opposite
of amelanism is melanism, an overabundance of melanin. Amelanism (juga dikenal sebagai amelanosis) adalah kelainan
pigmentasi ditandai dengan kurangnya pigmen disebut melanins, umumnya terkait dengan
hilangnya fungsi genetik tyrosinase. Amelanism dapat mempengaruhi ikan, amfibi,
reptil, burung, dan mammals termasuk manusia. Munculnya binatang amelanistic/amel/amelanistik
tergantung pada pigmen non-melanin yang
tersisa. Kebalikan dari amelanism adalah melanism, yang meluap-luap melanin nya
.
A similar condition, albinism, is a hereditary condition characterised in animals by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle.[1] This results in an all white animal, usually with pink or red eyes. Kondisi serupa, albinisme, adalah suatu kondisi yang ditandai pada hewan dengan tidak adanya pigmen di mata, kulit, rambut, sisik, bulu atau kutikula. Hal ini menyebabkan semua hewan putih, biasanya dengan mata merah muda atau merah.
..............................
Amelanistic
or Amel for short is often referred to as albino or red albino. Amelanistic/amelanistik
atau Amel sering disebut albino sebagai albino atau albino merah.
............................
Amelanism
This is one of the
simplest mutations. These animals are unable to produce tyrosinase. Therefore,
no melanin is deposited in the melanophores. The result is a total lack of
black and dark brown pigment. To learn more about the two types of albinos (T+
and T-), visit our 'Chromatophores' page and see the
section on melanophores.
Amelanism/amel/amelanistic/amelanistik
Ini adalah salah satu dari mutasi yang
paling sederhana. Hewan ini tidak dapat menghasilkan tirosinase. Oleh karena
itu, tidak ada melanin yang disimpan di melanophores. Hasilnya adalah total
kurangnya hitam dan pigmen coklat gelap .
Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang dua jenis albino (T + dan T), kunjungi
halaman 'kromatofora' kami dan lihat bagian melanophores.
.......................
..................................
Rare Amelanistic Pygmy Rattlesnakes Born at CREW
Earlier this summer a rare occurrence was discovered at CREW. A dusky pygmy rattlesnake gave birth to six offspring, three of which were amelanistic – meaning they lack the dark pigment (melanin) in their skin. Amelanistic/amel/amelanistik - yang berarti mereka tidak memiliki pigmen gelap (melanin) di kulit mereka According to Kevin Enge , a herp expert with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, this is extremely rare and to have three of the six born amelanistic is quite amazing. No amelanistic pygmies have ever been documented before in Florida.
It is likely these three would not survive long in the wild because
their rare coloration makes them easy to see and more vulnerable as prey. Below
is a picture of the adult (with typical coloration) and one of the three amelanistic juveniles.
Pretty cool, huh?
The location and the time of discovery were kept secret until after
the young dispersed in order to prevent collectors from trying to find and
collect them to sell. We assume that nature has taken its course, because after
about five days the snakes had all moved on and haven’t been seen since early
July.
.....................
Amelanistic Fat Tail Geckos
The amelanistic (amel for short) is a type of albino fat tail gecko.
They have a peach, orange, or tangerine background with pinkish
banding. They are avaialble as bandeds and stripes. Amel is a simple-recessive
morph. Amel /amelanistic/amelanistik adalah morph sederhana-resesif/simple
resesif.
...................
Genetics
Info & Tutorial: Something-zygous
There are a few more
terms that are commonly used when discussing genetics: heterozygous and
homozygous.
A fertilized egg is called a zygote. The word zygote is part of the terms heterozygous and homozygous. These terms describe the relationship of a pair of corresponding genes. Hetero- means “different” --as in “heterosexual”-- and homo- means “same” --as in homosexual. So naturally, a homozygous animal has two copies of the same gene, whereas a heterozygous animal has two different copies of genes for the same trait (at the same locus.)
Since heterozygous is often used in discussions and is a long word, it is abbreviated to “het.”
A fertilized egg is called a zygote. The word zygote is part of the terms heterozygous and homozygous. These terms describe the relationship of a pair of corresponding genes. Hetero- means “different” --as in “heterosexual”-- and homo- means “same” --as in homosexual. So naturally, a homozygous animal has two copies of the same gene, whereas a heterozygous animal has two different copies of genes for the same trait (at the same locus.)
Since heterozygous is often used in discussions and is a long word, it is abbreviated to “het.”
A snake with both normal
copies can produce melanin and will look normal. Since both copies are the
same, this animal is called “homozygous normal.” But since the normal gene is
already expected, it is unnecessary to specify this, so it is shortened to
“normal” or “wild-type.”
A snake with one normal copy and one mutated copy can produce melanin and will look normal. Since both copies are different, this animal is called “heterozygous for amel.” Technically, this animal is actually “heterozygous for normal and amel.” Secara teknis, hewan ini sebenarnya "heterozigot untuk normal dan amel/amelanistic/amelanistik."But again, it is pointless to specify that the other gene is the wild type since the normal gene is already expected to be there. This could also be called a carrier for amelanism, since it is carrying--but not showing--the mutant gene.
A snake with both mutated copies cannot produce melanin and will look amelanistic. This snake could be called “Homozygous for amelanism.” Sular dengan kedua salinannya bermutasi tidak dapat menghasilkan melanin dan akan terlihat amelanistic. ular ini bisa disebut "homozigot untuk amelanism." But there is no point in specifying that it is homozygous--if it were not homozygous, it wouldn’t lack melanin--so just plain “amelanistic” is all that’s necessary to describe its genes. jika bukan homozigot, itu tidak kekurangan melanin - jadi sekadar "amelanistic/amel/amelanistik " yang adalah semua yang diperlukan untuk menggambarkan gen-nya.
........................
Amelanism
in the corn snake is associated with the insertion of an LTR-retrotransposon in
theOCA2 gene
- Suzanne V. Saenko
- , Sangeet Lamichhaney
- , Alvaro Martinez Barrio
- , Nima Rafati
- , Leif Andersson
- &Michel C. Milinkovitch
.......................
...................
Amelanism
Amelanism (also known asamelanosis) is a
pigmentation abnormality characterized by the lack ofpigments called melanins,
commonly associated with a genetic loss of tyrosinasefunction.
Amelanism can affect fish,amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsincluding
humans. The appearance of an amelanistic animal depends on the remaining
non-melanin pigments. The opposite of amelanism is melanism,
an overabundance of melanin. Amelanism (juga dikenal
sebagai amelanosis) adalah kelainan pigmentasi ditandai dengan kurangnya pigmen
disebut melanins, umumnya terkait dengan
hilangnya fungsi genetik tyrosinase. Amelanism dapat mempengaruhi ikan, amfibi,
reptil, burung, dan mammals termasuk manusia. Munculnya binatang amelanistic/amel/amelanistik
tergantung pada pigmen non-melanin yang
tersisa. Kebalikan dari amelanism adalah melanism, yang meluap-luap melanin nya
.
A similar condition, albinism, is a hereditary condition characterised in animals by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle.[1] This results in an all white animal, usually with pink or red eyes. Kondisi serupa, albinisme, adalah suatu kondisi yang ditandai pada hewan dengan tidak adanya pigmen di mata, kulit, rambut, sisik, bulu atau kutikula. Hal ini menyebabkan semua hewan putih, biasanya dengan mata merah muda atau merah.
....................
Crotalus And Company
Captive Bred Reptiles Since 1998
Captive Bred Reptiles Since 1998
Amelanistic or Amel for short is often referred to as albino or red albino. Amelanistic/amelanistik atau Amel sering disebut albino sebagai albino atau albino merah. This morph removes all melan or dark pigment. Amelanistic corn snakes is one of the first snake morphs to be identified and reproduced in captivity. Amelanistic is the foundation for many of the amazing morph combination found in corn snakes today. We should also produce Amels with motley, stripe and diffused pattern.
...........................
Amelanistic Burmese Python
Meet Melani (f), born
2005
Personal Info:
Melanie,
like many of our animals, needed a home. She came to us from an owner who loved
Melanie very much but had to give her up when his wife moved in with two cats
and an ultimatum. After much due diligence, he decided that Out of Africa
Wildlife Park would make the best home for Melanie. We could not be happier
with his decision (for us and his wife), as Melanie has touched our hearts and
thrilled many visitors. Her peaceful and amiable nature makes her the perfect ambassador
for many of our educational programs.
............................
All About
Corn Snakes
Caring For
Your Corn Snake
Amelanistic Corn Snake
Amelanistic (amel) corn
snakes do not have the dark pigment, thus giving them red eyes and leaving
bright color combinations of red, orange, yellow and white for the scale
colors. They are sometimes referred to as "red albinos."
...........................
Worlds of
retics
AMELANISTIC
Mutation
Basic morph
Genetics
Amelanistic
First produced
Al & Cindy Baldogo, 2003
AKA
Type
II Albino
..............................
............................
Amelanistic Cornsnakes
Amel Cornsnake
An amel, short for amelanistic, corn snake
means that the black pigment is lacking, leaving only the red or orange colors.
They are also sometimes called Red Albino Corn Snakes. There is a huge variety of amel
cornsnakes, rangeing from mostly white with red only in the saddles, to having
no white at all. Colors can be cherry red to light orange and everything in
between.
This is Tigerlily, our
first cornsnake, and she's still a special girl to us. Her babies are very
bright with interesting patterns.
...........................
Genetics
Info & Tutorial: Double Mutants
Some animals have more than one recessive mutation. An
example of this is a snow cornsnake. This snake is amelanistic, and anerythristic.
Anerythrism, often shortened to “Anery,” is a mutation that keeps the snake
from producing erythrin, the red pigment. (notice that putting the prefix “A” or “An” in front of a
pigment means it is lacking)
When mixing two different mutations, it is important to understand that they will not affect each other’s inheritance as long as they are not in the same locus. In other words, the gene that helps produce melanin and is mutated in amelanism, is in a different place than the gene that affects red pigment production in anery cornsnakes. As a result, when determining the sperm/egg possibilities for each parent, realize that which “A” gene they get is independent of which “B” gene they get.
What this means is that the Punnett squares for two mutations can get a little more complicated...
Let’s walk through a snow corn Punnett square. In this example, we will use “a” for amelanism and “e” for anerythrism. Note that it’s not important which letters or symbols you use for your Punnett squares as long as you know which gene each stands for, so pick what you are comfortable with.
In this example we can first mate a snow corn to a (homozygous) normal, and then two of the offspring together. The Snow corn is going to be what genotype? Correct, it’s “aa ee” and the normal is “ AA EE.” Let’s build our Punnett square:
When mixing two different mutations, it is important to understand that they will not affect each other’s inheritance as long as they are not in the same locus. In other words, the gene that helps produce melanin and is mutated in amelanism, is in a different place than the gene that affects red pigment production in anery cornsnakes. As a result, when determining the sperm/egg possibilities for each parent, realize that which “A” gene they get is independent of which “B” gene they get.
What this means is that the Punnett squares for two mutations can get a little more complicated...
Let’s walk through a snow corn Punnett square. In this example, we will use “a” for amelanism and “e” for anerythrism. Note that it’s not important which letters or symbols you use for your Punnett squares as long as you know which gene each stands for, so pick what you are comfortable with.
In this example we can first mate a snow corn to a (homozygous) normal, and then two of the offspring together. The Snow corn is going to be what genotype? Correct, it’s “aa ee” and the normal is “ AA EE.” Let’s build our Punnett square:
The snow corn will always pass down mutant genes ---> |
|
<--- The normal corn will always pass down the
wild-type genes.
|
|
<--- The offspring will all be the same genotype.
|
As you can see, all of the offspring will be the same. If you recall, Aa is “het for amel” and you’ve probably already figured out that Ee is “het for anery.” These animals can be called “het for amel and anery,” or “double het,” or “het for snow.” Now let’s cross two of these “het for snow” animals to each other.
Since we have two mutations, and two different genes for each “locus” (the mutant and the wild-type) we need to figure out which combinations they can have. One way to do this is similar to a Punnett square. You take the first mutation as one parent, and the second as the other, like so:
|
This gives us what each possible sperm/egg can be carrying. So then we
use those to make our real Punnett square.
|
Notice that it takes a larger Punnett square, but it’s not like it takes
any more brains to fill it in. Imagine trying to figure out the outcomes
without Punnett squares!
|
|
|
Now fill in the Punnett square and you get all 16 possible outcomes. This
may seem confusing at first, but it only takes a little practice to get used
to it.
|
One of the difficulties is knowing what to do with the results. One thing you can do is find out which offspring will show mutations. Remember, those with “aa” will be amels, those with “ee” will be anerys, and those with “aaee” will be snow. In this example, I’ve colored in the snow as white, the anery as black, and the amel as red. As you can see, out of 16 babies, you are likely to get 3 amel, 3 anery, and 1 snow.
|
Notice that of the remaining animals (the blue squares) that 2 out of 3 of each of them is het for anery, and 2 out of 3 are het for amel. In this clutch, each baby (including the amels and anerys) that is not showing a particular mutation is then 66% likely to be het for that mutation.
.......................
Golden Zebra, Albino And Amelanistic Zebras, And The Zorse
Have you ever seen a Golden
Zebra? If you haven’t, then it’s a good thing that you’ve found your way here,
because they are awesome, as the pictures make clear. The term Golden Zebra
refers alternately either to: an albino zebra, an amelanistic zebra, or as a type of zebroid
known as a Zorse, all
of which have been called golden zebras by various people/news agencies.
Zebroid is the term used for the offspring of a zebra
and any other member of an equine species, whether a horse or a donkey. The
zebroid type that has occasionally been referred to as a golden zebra is the zorse,
which is the offspring of a male zebra and a female horse. While they are
certainly interesting looking (to those of us used to only seeing horses and
zebras), they look very different from the albino/amelanistic zebras that are
also often referred to as golden zebras.
And so now moving on to the others, what’s the difference between an albino
and an amelanistic
zebra? In common usage, there isn’t one. When someone refers to an amelanistic
animal they are usually referring to the same thing that someone referring to
an albino animal is: an animal without the ability to produce the pigments that
are commonly seen in the other individuals of the species. With regards to
mammals, the only pigments present are melanins, so without those
an individual will be an albino. The term albino generally refers
to an organism without the ability to produce any pigment at all, while
an albinoid is an organism that produces a diminished
quantity, but isn’t completely lacking in pigment.
I hope that all of this was interesting to read, and helped to clarify the
differences between the different “golden zebras”.
As a side note, zebras are
often thought of as being very common animals, in no immediate danger of
extinction, but this isn’t entirely true. Many species and subspecies of zebras
are currently endangered, and some have already previously come very close to
extinction, and now have the very limited genetic diversity to show for it. And
some species have already gone extinct, in particular, the quagga. The
species that are currently endangered are Grévy’s zebra and the mountain zebra.
The causes of decline are the
same as with nearly any other large animal in recent times: over hunting,
habitat loss, and encroaching human populations. Because of these activities,
it’s possible that in the not too-distant future that zebras will be extinct,
much like the unicorn Elasmotherium. And yes, you read that
correctly, the unicorn was a real animal.
.............................
Mutations
Base Genetic Mutations
Base genetic mutations are single traits, inherited in typical
Mendelian recessive fashion. All base genetic mutations in reptiles (that we
know of so far) are inherited this way. While most are typical recessive
mutations, a few are incomplete dominant, and a few more are suspected to be .
To learn more about co-dominance, you may wish to visit our 'Genetics
301 Page'
There are three types of color related chromatophores present in
reptiles, each can be modified in one of three ways; a total lack of function,
reduced function, or increased function. These three traits are respectively
referred to as a-, hypo-, and hyper-.
Traits which affect the
melanophores:
Amelanism
This is one of the
simplest mutations. These animals are unable to produce tyrosinase. Therefore,
no melanin is deposited in the melanophores. The result is a total lack of
black and dark brown pigment. To learn more about the two types of albinos (T+
and T-), visit our 'Chromatophores' page and see the section on
melanophores.
Amelanism/amel/amelanistic/amelanistik
Ini adalah salah satu dari mutasi yang
paling sederhana. Hewan ini tidak dapat menghasilkan tirosinase. Oleh karena
itu, tidak ada melanin yang disimpan di melanophores. Hasilnya adalah total
kurangnya hitam dan pigmen coklat gelap .
Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang dua jenis albino (T + dan T), kunjungi
halaman 'kromatofora' kami dan lihat bagian melanophores.
Hypomelanism
This trait is actually quite similar to amelanism. Tyrosinase is
produced but is blocked from gaining access into the melanophores. Therefore,
the amounts of melanin produced are substantially reduced. Often areas which
would normally appear solid black are almost transparent, perhaps translucent
would be more accurate). Additionally. many specimens seem to have reduced
amounts of melanophores present. This may simply be the result of selection for
the brighter coloration in captive populations. It is likely that several
different alleles may be at work here, all lumped under the term hypomelanism
by herpetoculturists.
Hypermelanism
Frequently shortened to 'Melanism'. This trait, the exact
opposite of amelanism, is also rather simple to understand. These animals
possess extensive quantities of dermal melanophores. The result is a pattern near
totally obscured by black and dark brown pigment. Hypermelanism occurs with
some frequency in wild populations. In certain species, this has proven to be
something of a survival advantage - and 'melanistic' individuals may comprise a
major portion of the population!
Traits which affect the
xanthophores:
The reader is advised to remember that any trait affecting the
xanthophores may also affect the erythrophores and vice versa, since the two
are interrelated.
Axanthism
This genetic mutation slightly more difficult to comprehend. Red
and yellow pigmentation is not synthesized by xanthophores. There is no red or
yellow pigmentation present in these animals at all. Axanthic animals typically
appear as black and white, with intermediate shades of gray.
However, in some axanthic specimens, yellow pigments in the form
of carotenoids may be retained in the xanthophores. Additionally, certain
iridophores may reflect light in such a manner as to appear yellow. Ordinarily,
the iridophores are located in the same areas as the melanophores and are
masked by the presence of the black pigment. This condition may cause dark
areas to appear brownish, rather than a pure black. It is certain that multiple
alleles are at work here, each uniquely influencing the appearance of the
specimens involved.
Hypoxanthism
Yellow pigmentation is greatly reduced in the xanthophores.
However, yellow pigments in the form of carotenoids may still be retained in
the xanthophores. This accumulates with age and may be a major contributing
factor in the overall appearance of some animals. It would be expected that red
pigmentation would also be reduced in these animals. There are most likely
several morphs of captive reptiles which are hypoxanthic masquerading around
under other 'genetic labels'. Few herpetoculturists have access to the
technology required to ascertain the exact nature of the mutations in today's
collections. Fewer still would be willing to sacrifice specimens for
examination! Myself included!
Hyperxanthism
Hyperxanthic animals develop intense amounts of yellow
pigmentation as they grow, most likely as the result of extreme carotenoid
retention. Occasionally, the extreme yellow coloration may be accentuated into
an orange coloration where none would normally be present.
Additionally, they seem to have reduced amounts of red
pigmentation present. This would most likely be malfunctioning of
erythrophores, and perhaps this mutation would more properly be called
anerythrism. Unfortunately, this term has already been applied to another mutation
(see Anerythrism 'Type A'). Perhaps much of the confusion surrounding cornsnake
genetics is simply the result of inappropriate naming of the earliest
mutations, leading to confusion over the mechanics involved.
Traits which affect the
erythrophores:
Anerythrism
Red pigmentation is not synthesized by xanthophores. Yellow
pigmentation in the xanthophores is still present. Additionally, yellow
pigments in the form of carotenoids are still retained in the xanthophores.
This accumulates with age and may be a major contributing factor in the overall
appearance of some animals. Typically, anerythristic reptiles appear as black
and white animals, with varying amounts of yellow present.
Hypoerythrism
Red pigmentation is greatly reduced in the xanthophores. Yellow
pigmentation in the xanthophores is still present. Additionally, yellow
pigments in the form of carotenoids are still retained in the xanthophores.
This accumulates with age and may be a major contributing factor in the overall
appearance of some animals.
Hypererythrism
The exact opposite of anerythrism, this trait causes excessive
amounts of erythrophores to be present and enabled. The result is an animal
with extensive red pigmentation.
Traits which affect all
chromatophores:
Leucism
Leucistic reptiles are completely lacking in all pigmentation
and usually appear completely white. Older individuals often develop dark
smudgy coloration, possibly through the same process which adds dark
pigmentation to tyrosinase positive albinos. (To learn more about T+ albinos,
visit our 'Chromatophores' page' and see the section on
melanophores)
Oddly, all known leucistic reptiles possess either normally
pigmented eyes or solid black eyes. These dark eyes provide a startling
contrast. It has been proven in the Texas Ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri) that these dark eyes can
be 'removed' by out-crossing the leucistic mutation to an amelanistic.
Calico
Calico animals develop varying amounts of white scattered
patches, usually during later years of life, although some appear calico at
birth. The spots are usually small, appearing as freckles which may form into
larger blotches. Often the white is concentrated in areas where white
pigmentation normally appears, such as around edges of markings.
Piebaldism
Piebaldism gives the appearance of large scattered solid white
patches. Generally the normal patterning adjacent to the white areas appears
'bent' or 'melted'. Often this mutation manifests itself as a single large
white blotch located on a posterior flank. In other specimens, a nearly
complete ring of white appears in roughly the same locality. The most extreme
individuals are nearly totally white, with normal patterning appearing only on
the head and tail.
...........................
Differences in
aggressive behavior between convict cichlid color morphs: amelanistic convicts lose
even with a size advantage
Abstract
Convict
cichlids (Archocentrus
nigrofasciatus) are a territorial, monogamous, and biparental
Central American cichlid fish. Convicts exist in two common color morphs: the
wild-type (WT) black-barred form and an amelanistic (AM) barless morph. Color morphs
affect aggressive interactions in other species of fish. We staged fights
between males of each color morph with varying size asymmetries and found that
WT males were able to overcome a size disadvantage by increasing their rate of
aggressive behavior. AM males lost more often when smaller than their opponent,
apparently because they did not increase their rate of aggressive behavior when
at a size disadvantage. We discuss two possible hypotheses to explain these
findings: (1) that there are genetic differences in aggressive behavior between
the morphs and (2) that AM fish are disadvantaged in staged contests because
they are unable to signal via changes in bar coloration.
........................
